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Water scarcity and future conflicts

UN: CORRUPTION SIPHONS 30% OF WATER SECTOR FUNDING – ‘IT MUST END’
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A new UN report warns that without large new water-related investments, many societies worldwide will soon confront rising desperation and conflicts over life’s most essential resource.

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Threat to world regions

Presenting their report at UN Headquarters, New York, officials of UN University and the UN Office for Sustainable Development said unmet water goals threaten many world regions and form a barrier to key universally shared ambitions, including stable political systems, greater wealth and better health for all.

They warned that continued stalling, coupled with population growth, economic instability, disrupted climate patterns and other variables, could reverse hard-earned development gains and preclude meaningful levels of development that can be sustained into the future.

‘The consequence of unmet water goals will be widespread insecurity creating more international tension and conflict. The positive message is that if we can keep moving now on water-related Sustainable Development Goals we can still have the future we want.’

Bob Sandford, EPCOR Chair and lead author of Water in the World We Want report

Cost-effective development

Published in the run-up to the adoption of universal post-2015 sustainable development goals (SDGs) this September, the report provides an in-depth analysis of 10 countries to show how achieving water and sanitation-related SDGs offers a rapid, cost-effective way to achieve sustainable development.

The countries included in the study cover the full range of economic and development spectrum: Bangladesh, Bolivia, Canada, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Pakistan, Singapore, Uganda, Vietnam, and Zambia.

Based on the national case studies, the report prescribes country-level steps for achieving the global water targets.

Agriculture and energy

Holding the agriculture and energy sectors accountable for making efficiencies – while also transitioning to clean energy, including hydropower – were among the report’s top recommendations. Agriculture guzzles roughly 70% of world water supplies while the energy sector uses 15%.

Prepared in association with the Global Water Partnership and Canada’s McMaster University, the report says the success of global efforts on the scale required rests, in large part, on a crackdown on widespread corruption in the water sector – particularly in developing countries.

‘Haemorrhaging’ resources

According to the report, in many places corruption results in ‘the haemorrhaging of precious financial resources’, siphoning an estimated 30% of funds earmarked for water and sanitation-related improvements.

The report underscores the need for clearly defined anti-corruption protocols enforced with harsh penalties. Corruption that undermines water-related improvements threatens the stability and very existence of some nation states, which in turn affects all other countries, the report says.

‘Corruption at any level is not just a criminal act in its own right. In the context of sustainable development it could be viewed as a crime against all of humanity.’

Water in the World We Want report

Infrastructure defecit

The report notes that the world’s water and wastewater infrastructure maintenance and replacement deficit is building at a rate of $200 million per year, with $1 trillion now required in the USA alone.

To finance its recommendations, the report says that, in addition to plugging the leakage of funds to corruption, $1.9 trillion in subsidies to petroleum, coal and gas industries should be redirected by degrees.

The estimated global cost to achieve post-2015 sustainable development goals in water and sanitation development, maintenance and replacement is $1.25 trillion to $2.25 trillion per year for 20 years – a doubling or tripling of current spending, which translates to 1.8-2.5% of global GDP.

The resulting benefits would be commensurately large, however – a minimum of $3.11 trillion per year, not counting health care savings and valuable ecosystem service enhancements.

Demand to exceed supply by 40%

Within 10 years, researchers predict 48 countries – 25% of all nations on Earth with an expected combined population of 2.9 billion – will be classified ‘water-scarce’ (1,000 to 1,700 cubic meters of water per capita per year) or ‘water-stressed’ (1,000 cubic meters or less).

And by 2030, expect overall global demand for freshwater to exceed supply by 40%, with the most acute problems in warmer, low-resource nations with young, fast-growing populations, according to the report.

‘Through a series of country case studies, expert opinion, and evidence synthesis, the report explores the critical role that water plays (including sanitation and wastewater management) in sustainable development; current disconnects between some national development plans and the proposed SDGs; opportunities for achieving sustainable development through careful water management; and implementation opportunities.

‘The report fills a critical gap in understanding the complexities associated with water resources and their management, and also provides substantive options that enable us to move forward within the global dialogue.’

Zafar Adeel, UNU-INWEH director and Jong Soo Yoon, head of the UN Office for Sustainable Development

An estimated 25% of the world’s major river basins run dry for part of each year, the report notes, and ‘new conflicts are likely to emerge as more of the world’s rivers become further heavily abstracted so that they no longer make it to the sea.’

The report, Water in the World We Want, will be published on the UN University Institute for Water, Environment and Health website.

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