Main image: hunger continues to rise in Africa, where 20.4% faced hunger in 2023
Around 733 million people faced hunger in 2023, equivalent to one in 11 people globally and one in five in Africa, according to the latest State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) report, published by five United Nations specialised agencies.
The annual report, launched this year in the context of the G20 Global Alliance against Hunger and Poverty Task Force Ministerial Meeting in Brazil, warns that the world is falling significantly short of achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2, Zero Hunger, by 2030.
The report shows that the world has been set back 15 years, with levels of undernourishment comparable with those in 2008-2009.
Despite some progress in specific areas such as stunting and exclusive breastfeeding, an alarming number of people continue to face food insecurity and malnutrition.
Global hunger levels have plateaued for three consecutive years, with between 713 and 757 million people undernourished in 2023 – approximately 152 million more than in 2019 when considering the mid-range (733 million).
Regional trends vary significantly: the percentage of the population facing hunger continues to rise in Africa (20.4%), remains stable in Asia (8.1%) – though still representing a significant challenge as the region is home to more than half of those facing hunger worldwide – and shows progress in Latin America (6.2%).
From 2022 to 2023, hunger increased in Western Asia, the Caribbean and most African subregions.
If current trends continue, about 582 million people will be chronically undernourished in 2030, half of them in Africa, warn the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the UN World Food Programme (WFP) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
This projection closely resembles the levels seen in 2015 when the Sustainable Development Goals were adopted, marking a concerning stagnation in progress.
‘The fastest route out of hunger and poverty is proven to be through investments in agriculture in rural areas. But the global and financial landscape has become far more complex since the Sustainable Development Goals were adopted in 2015. Ending hunger and malnutrition demands that we invest more – and more smartly. We must bring new money into the system from the private sector and recapture the pandemic-era appetite for ambitious global financial reform that gets cheaper financing to the countries who need it most.’
ALVARO LARIO
IFAD president
The report highlights that access to adequate food remains elusive for billions.
In 2023, around 2.33 billion people globally faced moderate or severe food insecurity, a number that has not changed significantly since the sharp upturn in 2020, amid the Covid-19 pandemic.
Among those, over 864 million people experienced severe food insecurity, going without food for an entire day or more at times.
This number has remained stubbornly high since 2020 and while Latin America shows improvement, broader challenges persist, especially in Africa where 58% of the population is moderately or severely food insecure.
‘Malnutrition affects a child’s survival, physical growth, and brain development. Global child stunting rates have dropped by one third, or 55 million, in the last two decades, showing that investments in maternal and child nutrition pay off. Yet globally, one in four children under the age of five suffers from undernutrition, which can lead to long-term damage. We must urgently step-up financing to end child malnutrition. The world can and must do it. It is not only a moral imperative but also a sound investment in the future.’
CATHERINE RUSSELL
UNICEF executive director
The lack of economic access to healthy diets also remains a critical issue, affecting over one-third of the global population.
With new food price data and methodological improvements, the publication reveals that over 2.8 billion people were unable to afford a healthy diet in 2022.
This disparity is most pronounced in low-income countries, where 71.5% of the population cannot afford a healthy diet, compared to 6.3% in high-income countries.
Notably, the number dropped below pre-pandemic levels in Asia and in Northern America and Europe, while it increased substantially in Africa.
While progress has been made in increasing exclusive breastfeeding rates among infants to 48%, achieving global nutrition targets will be a challenge.
Low birthweight prevalence has stagnated around 15%, and stunting among children under five, while declining to 22.3%, still falls short of achieving targets.
Additionally, the prevalence of wasting among children has not seen significant improvement while anaemia in women aged 15 to 49 years has increased.
Similarly, new estimates of adult obesity show a steady increase over the last decade, from 12.1% (2012) to 15.8% (2022).
Projections indicate that by 2030, the world will have more than 1.2 billion obese adults.
The double burden of malnutrition – the co-existence of undernutrition together with overweight and obesity – has also surged globally across all age groups.
Thinness and underweight have declined in the last two decades, while obesity has risen sharply.
‘The progress we have made on reducing stunting and improving exclusive breastfeeding shows that the challenges we face are not insurmountable. We must use those gains as motivation to alleviate the suffering that millions of people around the world endure every day from hunger, food insecurity, unhealthy diets and malnutrition. The substantial investment required in healthy, safe and sustainably produced food is far less than the costs to economies and societies if we do nothing.’
DR TEDROS ADHANOM GHEBREYESUS
WHO director-general
These trends underscore the complex challenges of malnutrition in all its forms and the urgent need for targeted interventions as the world is not on track to reach any of the seven global nutrition targets by 2030, the five agencies indicate.
Food insecurity and malnutrition are worsening due to a combination of factors, including persisting food price inflation that continues to erode economic gains for many people in many countries.
Major drivers like conflict, climate change and economic downturns are becoming more frequent and severe.
These issues, along with underlying factors such as unaffordable healthy diets, unhealthy food environments and persistent inequality, are now coinciding simultaneously, amplifying their individual effects.
This year’s report’s theme, ‘Financing to end hunger, food insecurity and all forms of malnutrition’’, emphasises that achieving SDG 2 Zero Hunger requires a multi-faceted approach, including transforming and strengthening agrifood systems, addressing inequalities and ensuring affordable and accessible healthy diets for all.
It calls for increased and more cost-effective financing, with a clear and standardised definition of financing for food security and nutrition.
The heads of the five UN agencies, FAO director-general QU Dongyu; IFAD president Alvaro Lario; UNICEF executive director Catherine Russell; WFP’s executive director Cindy McCain and WHO director-general Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus write in the report’s foreword: ‘Estimating the gap in financing for food security and nutrition and mobilising innovative ways of financing to bridge it must be among our top priorities. Policies, legislation and interventions to end hunger and ensure all people have access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food (SDG Target 2.1), and to end all forms of malnutrition (SDG Target 2.2) need significant resource mobilisation. They are not only an investment in the future, but our obligation. We strive to guarantee the right to adequate food and nutrition of current and future generations.’
As highlighted during a recent event in the High-Level Political Forum at UN headquarters in New York, the report underscores that the looming financing gap necessitates innovative, equitable solutions, particularly for countries facing high levels of hunger and malnutrition exacerbated by climate impacts.
Countries most in need of increased financing face significant challenges in access. Among the 119 low- and middle-income countries analysed, approximately 63% have limited or moderate access to financing.
Additionally, the majority of these countries (74%) are impacted by one or more major factors contributing to food insecurity and malnutrition.
Coordinated efforts to harmonise data, increase risk tolerance and enhance transparency are vital to bridge this gap and strengthen global food security and nutrition frameworks.
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